Additional Battery Terms
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Cathode
Cathode is the positive electrode of a battery. Popular chemistries use nickel and cobalt to achieve high energy density and specific energy. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is becoming common as a lower-cost alternative in energy storage systems (ESS) and mass-market electric vehicles. Lithium ions leave the cathode when charging and return during discharge.
Hysteresis
Hysteresis is a phenomenon where an output lags behind its input when the system changes direction. In battery systems, this is most commonly seen after charging when the open circuit voltage is different compared to the OCV after discharging to the same SoC. It can significantly impact the accuracy of an SoC estimation algorithm and, therefore, the entire system's performance.
Coulomb Counting
Coulomb counting is a simple method of measuring a battery's state of charge by integrating how much current flows into or out of a battery. Coulomb Counting error compounds due to cell capacity changes and current sensing noise, which accumulate over time.